WHAT IS KYBERNOLOGY?
Taliziduhu Ndraha, Kybernologist
1
INTRODUCTION
Like
a building, any body of knowledge (BOK) has three essential dimensions, namely
its functions, construction (architecture, design), and building materials.
All
the three are subject to differentiation, change and innovation. Let us call
the state-of-the art of any condition of the three at a time as paradigm.
The
paradigm of Public Administration (PA) for example, has changed several times.
The lessons from Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA, ca 1930) and the experience of the Third World
Development Program implementation since the fiftieth of the last century,
encouraged the reorientation of the function, the reconstruction of the
structure, and the fostering of the PA’s building materials (Fred W. Riggs,
ed., Frontiers of Development
Administration, 1971). The impact of the TVA was so significant and the
PA’s paradigm relevance with the Third World’s
development program was highly valued, that created a new BOK, i. e.
Development Administration.
The
paradigmatic change of the PA was happened again in the end of the sixtieth,
when the United States of America (USA) was in the time of turbulence and the
PA in the time of revolution. The BOK of PA was reconstructed and its result
was known as the New Public Administration (Frank Marini, ed., Toward a New Public Administration: The
Minnowbrook Perspectives, 1971). The reconstruction was made on the basic
assumptions that the politics-administration dichotomy has come to an end, and
that President should be politician-administrator, in line with Platonic wisdom
thousands years ago: the philosopher-king.
Indonesia has had bitter experiences with post independence
(1945) turbulences. The first one happened in the mid of the sixtieth, known as
the Indonesia Communist Party’s rebellion. In the beginning of the ninetieth, Indonesia
also situated in “a time of turbulence” for the second time, culminating in the
fall of Soeharto regime (1998). But they have no significant impact on either
BOK of Politics, Economics, or Social Sciences related to the turbulence. Of
course, there was little cry from the University of Indonesia, shouted out that
the Economics has died, and here a short sigh from the University of Gadjah
Mada, exclaimed that the Studies of Government now is facing cul-ce-sac, but that’s all.
The
natural turbulence struck Indonesia and other Asia countries at the end of December 2004 is said to be one of the worst
in history of mankind, not only the turbulence itself, but even more its impact
on human life and natural resources. It invited condolence and global
solidarity of many, many nations and NGOs coming for help and relief. In the
meantime, New Year edition of the daily newspaper, Kompas, issued an article
entitled “Bangsa Yang Hidup Bersama Bahaya,” which means “A Nation Destined to
Live with Danger.”
According
to scientific analyses, some of the turbulences, especially social-political
ones, resulted from misconduct of the powerful actors responsible for the
policy making and policy implementation of the state in all levels of
government and administration, while the victims are those who are powerless. On
one hand, human conduct depends on the construction of the knowledge instructed
and value internalized, and the changes of environment on the other, that
build-up the mindset in those in power. If so, what’s wrong with the function,
building materials, and construction of the BOK charged into the brain of the men
in power through education and training program? Why various external changes
have no significant influence on the scientific communities to rise up a
scientific movement?
Bestuurskunde (“the art of steering”) introduced by the Dutch
Colonial Administration in Indonesia
at the beginning of the last century. The origin of Bestuurskunde can be traced back to a little book consists of 32
pages written by the last raadpensionaris
of Holland and
Westfriesland, Mr L. P. van de Spiegel. The book entitled Schets der Regeerkunde, in betrekking tot hare oogmerk en middelen (Outline of the Regeerkunde,
its goal and means). It was published 5 years after the writer’s death. The
preface of the book was written in February 1st 1796. Regeerkunde --- the early concept of Bestuurskunde --- “is de Wetenschap om
eene Burgermaatschappij te leiden,
ter verkrijging van het grootste Geluk, waar voor dezelve vatbaar is, zonder
onwettige benadeeling van andere.” This definition denotes that Bestuurskunde (also “the art of governing”)
is the science which lead the human effort to gain the highest Good of life
without abusing the right of others. The highest good comprising all things
fulfilling the universal human rights then declared by the United Nations on
December 10th, 1949 (see G. A. van Poelje, Bestuurskunde, deel VI “Algemene Inleiding tot de Bestuurskunde,”
1953). The translation of the “Algemene” (Pengantar
Umum Ilmu Pemerintahan, July, 1959) made by B. Mang Reng Say defined Regeerkunde as “Ilmu Pengetahuan yang
bertujuan untuk memimpin hidupbersama manusia ke arah kebahagiaan yang
sebesar-besarnya, tanpa merugikan orang lain secara tidak sah.” The learning
institution of Bestuurskunde, upgraded
to Bestuurswetenschap and then
Bestuurswetenschappen, gained higher academik performance, and offered Doctoral
(Ph. D.) degree to the students. Two former PhD graduates were Dr R. E. Berends
and Dr F. Breedsvelt (1928 – 1933).
When
the government of Indonesia
adopted the Bestuurskunde in
university teaching in the mid of the last century, it was placed under the
Political Sciences, just as government studies (kajian pemerintahan), lower,
applicative level of Politics. In another, methodological words, Ilmu
Pemerintahan so to say, has been uprooted from the human side and put it in the
power (political) side of the societal phenomena. Since then, the beneficiaries
of what so called Ilmu Pemerintahan were those in power, while the powerless
people stayed poor and victimized.

The
only way to rescue the people from any next turbulence, is to pull the Bestuurskunde back to its proper place
at the human side of societal phenomena, restore its function, reconstruct its
BOK, and redesign its training methods and technology.(see Figure 1). The
replacement is expected to adjust the existing unbalanced frame of reference in
either policy making, or policy implementation process, between the government
as state service provider on powerful, and the people as state service
customers on powerless position. The replacement of Bestuurskunde (Bestuurwetenschap and Bestuurswetenschappen) resulted in a new BOK called Kybernology. Etymologically, the new
word comprising two root words. Greek kybernán
and -logia. The word Bestuurskunde rooted from the Dutch besturen, English steering, and Greek kybernán.
Kybernology (kybernán + o + logy) is the
Greek name of Bestuurskunde,
Bestuurswetenschap, and Bestuurswetenschappen,
the landmark of the new BOK, a newcomer among the members of the community of
sciences. Actually, the reconstruction of the fruit of the landing of
Bestuurskunde, Bestuurswetenschap and Bestuurswetenschappen to the Indonesia
ground, using the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approach to societal
phenomena, resulting in BOK called Kybernology with higher academic degree.
As
a product of scientific enterprise, so to say, Kybernology was launched by The
Institute of Governmental Sciences (Institut Ilmu Pemerintahan) on May 22nd,
2003 in Jakarta.
The Greek word kybernan came into my
mind on May 8th, 2000, inspired by my team teaching Mr Ernan Arno
Amsari (UNPAD) in one of his lectures on 1996. The Science Tree of Kybernology,
comprising all field of studies involved in the postgraduate study curricula on
Kybernology, was born in September 2002. The Hymn Kybernology composed in
October 19th, 2002. The Steering Wheel was adopted as Kybernology’s
symbol or logo, on December 17th, 2002. The Indonesia Community of
Kybernology declared in Jakarta
on May 26th, 2004. Kybernology Foundation (Yayasan Kybernologi Indonesia,
YKI) was founded on December 23rd, 2006, and finally the Kybernology
Code of Ethics was adopted on December 11th, 2009, in the occasion
of the third birthday celebration of YKI and the First Homecoming Reunion of
Kybernology Alumni..
Through
learning process of postgraduate programs at IPDN, some other universities, and
scientific discussions held by many institutions, Kybernology developed into
coherent and complete BOK, ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Since 1996,
higher learning institutions having Kybernology as core curriculum offered
Master’s and 2000 on offered PhD degree to the public. Padjadjaran
University (UNPAD) in Bandung for example had produced
approximately 100 PhD holders majoring in Kybernology and more than 600 of
Master’s graduation. Islamic University
of Riau at Pekanbaru
since 2005 opened Master’s Program on Kybernology.
Now,
let ‘s see how Bestuurskunde and Bestuurswetenschap theory and practice
in Indonesia pull from power sphere back to its social, proper place, as the science
which
leads human effort to gain the highest Good of life without abusing the right
of
others. The highest good comprising all things fulfilling the universal human
rights
then
declared by the United Nations, and reconstructs its BOK. Ten main requirements
have been developed to create the scientific qualities of Kybernology.